Abstract Objective Cesarean section (CS) delivery, especially without previous labor, is associated with worse neonatal respiratory outcomes. Some studies comparing neonatal outcomes between term infants exposed and not exposed to antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) before elective CS revealed that ACS appears to decrease the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea of the neonate (TTN), admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and the length of stay in the NICU. Methods The present retrospective cohort study aimed to compare neonatal outcomes in infants born trough term elective CS exposed and not exposed to ACS. Outcomes included neonatal morbidity at birth, neonatal respiratory morbidity, and general neonatal morbidity. Maternal demographic characteristics and obstetric data were analyzed as possible confounders. Results A total of 334 newborns met the inclusion criteria. One third of the population study (n=129; 38.6%) received ACS. The present study found that the likelihood for RDS (odds ratio [OR]=1.250; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.454-3.442), transient TTN (OR=1.,623; 95%CI: 0.556-4.739), and NIUC admission (OR=2.155; 95%CI: 0.474-9.788) was higher in the ACS exposed group, although with no statistical significance. When adjusting for gestational age and arterial hypertension, the likelihood for RDS (OR=0,732; 95%CI: 0.240-2.232), TTN (OR=0.959; 95%CI: 0.297--3.091), and NIUC admission (OR=0,852; 95%CI: 0.161-4.520) become lower in the ACS exposed group. Conclusion Our findings highlight the known association between CS-related respiratory morbidity and gestational age, supporting recent guidelines that advocate postponing elective CSs until 39 weeks of gestational age.

Este estudo procura caracterizar a utilização dos ecrãs no espaço doméstico em função dos contextos citadino e rural das crianças até aos cinco anos e conhecer como a família intervém na sua introdução e utilização. Para o efeito foram realizados quatro grupos de foco com crianças de quatro e cinco anos residentes na cidade de Lisboa e em Vila Pouca de Aguiar, no distrito de Vila Real e oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com pais e mães de ambos os contextos, chegando a várias conclusões: 1) as crianças do contexto rural são mais utilizadoras dos ecrãs em casa que as crianças da cidade; 2) os pais/mães de ambos os contextos são os responsáveis pelo acesso dos filhos aos ecrãs, sobretudo smartphones e tablets; 3) a principal explicação é a preocupação dos pais/mães com a exclusão social das crianças caso não os utilizem; 4) os progenitores/as do meio urbano denotam uma maior perceção dos riscos associados à exposição dos filhos aos dispositivos tecnológicos.

The aim of this study was both to characterize screen use by children in domestic spaces depending on their urban or rural contexts and how their families intervene. For this purpose, four focus groups were applied to four- and five-year old children living in Lisbon and Vila Pouca de Aguiar, in Vila Real district. Eight parents from both contexts were interviewed. The main conclusions are: 1) in rural contexts, rather than in the city, children use more screens; 2) parents from both contexts are accountable for children's access to screens, especially smartphones and tablets; 3) the main explanation is parents' concern with children's social exclusion in case they don't use screens; and 4) parents from urban context reveal more risk awareness concerning their children's exposure to technological devices.